Evolutionists have been relatively successful at arguing that the ability to deceive is important in relationships between animals, including humans, as is, of course, the ability to detect deception, which is its counterpart. Could then a propensity for "self-deception" be efficient and thus tend to be favoured in the evolution? Think, if that were the case, what consequences it involves for management training. Assuming that the study of economics provides a good knowledge of the truth, what does this analysis imply for the role that organisational economics may play for managers’ training? And the courses in “business ethics” or the literature on job enrichment and workers’ empowerment?